|
|
Chargé de Recherches CNRS, HDR
Ze CCH Research Group
Current and Past Members (About the people that actually do or did the work)
Members of the CCH-LCOMS group:
Current Members of the CCH-LCOMS group:
¥ E. Kuntz * J. Thivolle-Cazat.
Past Group Members:
A Picture of the Group during Summer 99 during the visit of Prof. R. A. Andersen and Prof. T. Sugihara (He was taking the picture) : From right to left : D. Alcor, Dr. L. Lefort, Prof. R. Andersen, Ze Boss, R. Petroff Saint-Arroman, M. Chabanas
About Ze boss
Christophe Copéret, PhD, HDR
Laboratoire de Chimie Organométallique de Surface UMR 9986 ESCPE-CNRS ESCPE Lyon Bât F-308 43, Boulevard de 11 Novembre 1918 F-69616 Villeurbanne Cedex France tel.: (33)-4-7243181 fax: (33)-4-72431795
E-mail: coperet@cpe.fr
Vita
Christophe Copéret was born on May, 24 1970 in Belleville, France, not too far from Fleurie, a famous crû of Beaujolais, where he grew up. He decided quite early to study chemistry and passed a baccalauréat in chemistry, which led him to study at the Lyon Institute of Technology and then at the Lyon School of Industrial Chemistry (ESCIL) where he obtained a degree of ingénieur. He then moved to Purdue University (USA) to join the group of Professor E. Negishi http://negishi.chem.purdue.edu, and he studied the chemistry of transition-metals and their use in organic chemistry. His PhD thesis mainly focused on Pd-catalyzed carbonylative cyclizations. Upon completion of his PhD degree in August 1996, he went to the Scripps Research Institute http://www.scripps.edu/chem/ in La Jolla (USA) to work with Professor K. B. Sharpless on the development of selective oxidation methods. He then accepted a position at CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) in the Laboratory of Surface Organometallic Chemistry in Lyon (France) at ESCPE Lyon where he now teaches an introductory course of experimental organometallic chemistry, and leads a research group of several students (Ze CCH group). Their current research interest is focused on the development of single-site heterogeneous catalysts (preparation and characterization). Besides chemistry, he enjoys literature, skiing, traveling, but also shares his interest for wine tasting by organizing wine tasting meetings with his colleagues and also by occasionally "working" in his brother's vineyard in Régnié (another crû of Beaujolais).
Education
1996: Ph.D. in Chemistry, based on the PhD thesis untitled "Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization via Carbo- and Acylpalladation of Multiple Bond Systems". 1991-96: PhD student (Ph.D., GPA= 4.0/4.0) in organic and organometallic chemistry in the group of Professor E. Negishi, Purdue University, West Lafayette (IN). 1992: Diplôme d'ingénieur ESCIL (equivalent to a Master of Science, Bachelor in chemistry and chemical engineering ; Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Industrielle de Lyon) 1989-91: Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Industrielle de Lyon. 1989: Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie, mention "Félicitations du Jury". 1987-89: Department of Chemistry, Lyon Institute of Technology, University of Lyon I.
Professional Experiences
Research: Since January 1998 : Research associate (Chargé de Recherches) Laboratory of Surface Organometallic Chemistry directed by Dr. J.-M. Basset, ESCPE Lyon, Villeurbanne (France). Development of Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts. October 1996-December 1997 : Laboratory of Professor Sharpless at the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla (USA) : Selective Oxidation Methods Catalyzed by Transition Metals. October 1991-August 1996 : Laboratory of Professor E. Negishi, Purdue University, West Lafayette (USA) : Development of Novel Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions and their Application in Natural Product Syntheses. July-August 1990: Rhône-Poulenc-Rorer Research Center (Dr. P. Pitchen), R&D, Dagenham (UK) : Development of the Synthesis of a Cholesterol Level Regulator.
Teaching:
Since 2004: Lectures in “Homogeneous catalysis and Polymerisation”, Master of the University of Lyon. Since 2003 : Recitations in organometallic chemistry (6 h), ESCPE Lyon. Since 2002 : Lectures in “Molecular Orbital Theory for the Understanding of Structures and Reactivities” (CH-412), ESCPE Lyon. Since 2001 : Lectures on “Catalysts and Catalysis”, 1 week training course for chemists and chemical engineering, ESCPE Lyon (first week of December). Since 1998 : Introduction to Experimental Organometallic Chemistry, ESCPE Lyon. August 1991-May 1993 : Experimental Organic Chemistry, Purdue University (USA).
Awards
- Médaille de bronze CNRS 2001 (CNRS Young Investigator Award). - Post-doctoral Fellowship from "Société de Secours des AMIS DES SCIENCES", 1996-97. - HC Brown award for excellence in organic chemistry research, 1994-95. - "Purdue Research Foundation" Research Fellowship, 1993-94. - Negishi's group research accomplishments award, 1993. - Concours général de chimie 1987, mention régionale. - Chemistry Olympiads
1987: 11th national, 2nd à Lyon. About our research
We are an integrated part of the Laboratory of Surface OrganoMetallic Chemistry, directed by Dr. J.-M. Basset. Our research interest is the development of single-site heterogeneous catalysts via a molecular engineering approach to the construction of active sites. We are specifically interested in the following research themes :
1- The Chemistry of alkanes, and more specifically how to transform them efficiently at low temperatures into valuable products. Metathesis of Alkanes Catalyzed by Metal Hydrides Supported on Oxides* Hydrogenolysis of Alkanes Catalyzed by Metal Hydrides Supported on Oxides* *In collaboration with Drs M. Taoufik, D. Soulivong, C. Thieuleux and J. Thivolle-Cazat (LCOMS).
2- The development of Group III-VIII Transition-metal Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts Supported on Oxides for Oxidation and Olefin Metathesis *In collaboration with Drs. E. Kuntz, F. Lefebvre and M. Taoufik (LCOMS) Professor R. A. Andersen (UC Berkeley) Professor L. Emsley, Drs. A. Lesage and S. Hediger (ENS Lyon) for solid state NMR spectroscopy Professor C. Li (Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics) Dr. W. Lukens (LBL National Laboratory) for EXAFS spectroscopy
3- Mechanistic Studies of Elementary Steps of Organometallic Reactions on Surfaces (Kinetic and Theoretical investigations)* *In collaboration with H. Chermette (UCBL), J. Joubert (ENS Lyon), F. Delbeque (ENS Lyon), P. Sautet (ENS Lyon), X. Solans-Monfort (Univ. Montpellier), E. Clot (Univ. Montpellier), J.S. Fihlol (Univ. Montpellier), O. Eisenstein (Univ. Montpellier).
For a complete understanding of our research interest, read: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 156 and N. J. Chem, 2004, 28, 1.
Habilitation Thesis : “Approche moléculaire pour la construction de sites actifs : catalyseurs hétérogènes préparés par chimie organométallique de surface” Jury : Profs. R.A. Andersen, M. Etienne, M. Lemaire, Drs. D. Astruc, J.-M. Basset, B. Chaudret, B. Meunier.
Ph.D. Thesis : « Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization via Carbo- and Acylpalladation of Multiple Bond Systems » Jury : Profs. E. Negishi, M. Andrus, P. Fuchs and I.P. Rothwell
Patents : 9 including 7 world patents (see Section 1)
Publications : 15 in books/ reviews (Section 2), 33 printed in scientific journals (Section 3)
Invited lectures, oral communications and posters (see Sections 4&5)
Collaboration with industry : BP Chemicals and BASF AG.
Collaboration with academic groups : Prof. R. A. Andersen (Univ. of Berkeley), Dr. O. Eisenstein (Univ. of Montpellier, Montpellier), Prof. L. Emsley (ENS Lyon), Prof. C. Li (State Key Laboratories, Dalian, China), Dr. P. Sautet (ENS Lyon).
1-Patents
[1] A Simple and Efficient Method for the Preparation of Pyridine-N-oxides. Inventors : K. B. Sharpless, C. Copéret, H. Adolfsson, A. K. Yudin. Provisionial american patent, TSRI Disclosure No. 610.0P.
[2] Manufacture of alkanes in the presence of supported organometallic compounds. Inventors : J.-M. Basset, B. M. Maunders, C. Copéret, L. Lefort, O., Maury, G. Saggio, J. Thivolle-Cazat. FR2785605, WO0027781, EP1124041, 6/11/1998.
[3] Process and catalysts for manufacturing alkanes by the metathesis of methane with alkanes. Inventors : J.-M. Basset, B. M. Maunders, C. Copéret, L. Lefort, O., Maury, G. Saggio, J. Thivolle-Cazat. FR2796066, WO0104077, 09/07/1999.
[4] Supported catalysts for the metathesis of olefins. Inventors : M. Chabanas, C. Copéret, J.-M. Basset DE10046143, WO0222262, 15/09/2000.
[5] Supported metal compound, preparation of the compound and use of the compound as a catalyst. Inventors : J.-M. Basset, C. Copéret, B. M. Maunders, G. Saggio, F. Rataboul, D. Soulivong, M. Taoufik, J. Thivolle-Cazat. FR 2002-709, WO2003061823, 21/01/2001.
[6] Process for the manufacture of alkanes from methane. Inventors : J.-M. Basset, C. Copéret, R. Pardy, D. Soulivong, G. J. Sunley, J. Thivolle-Cazat. FR 2002-1389, WO2003066552, 22/01/2001.
[7] Process for manufacture of alkanes from one species to another species. Inventors: C. Copéret, D. Soulivong, B. M. Maunders, G. Sunley, I. Dobson, FR2840606, WO2003104172, 10/06/2002.
[8] Process for conversion of methane into ethane. Inventeurs: J.-M. Basset, P. Bres, C. Copéret, Inventors : B. M. Maunders, D. Soulivong, M. Taoufik, J. Thivolle Cazat FR2840607, WO2003104171, 10/06/2002.
[9] Metal compound fixed on a support, preparation process, and use of the compound in hydrocarbon metathesis reactions. Inventors: Jean Marie; Basset, Christophe Copéret, Daravong Soulivong, Mostafa Taoufik, Jean Thivolle-Cazat. FR 2852866, 10/01/2004.
2-Books & Reviews
[1] 1-Chloro-iodoethene. E. Negishi, C. Copéret, "Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis", Paquette, L. A., Ed., Wiley, New York, 1995.
[2] Cyclic Carbopalladation. A Versatile Synthetic Methodology for the Construction of Cyclic Organic Compounds. E. Negishi, C. Copéret, S. Ma, S.-Y. Liou, F. Liu Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 365.
[3] Catalytic Properties of Silica-supported Tantalum and Tungsten Hydrides in the Cleavage and Formation of Carbon-Carbon Bonds of Alkanes. O. Maury, L. Lefort, G. Saggio, C. Copéret, M. Taoufik, M. Chabanas, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 2000, 130, 917.
[4] Surface Organometallic Chemistry (SOMC). Catalysis from A to Z, Ed. W. A. Herrmann, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. C. Copéret, F. Lefebvre, J.-M. Basset, 2000.
[5] Rapport de prospective en Catalyse : “Systèmes Moléculaires Organisés”. Académie de Sciences, 2000. J.-M. Basset, J. Buendia, J.-F. Carpentier, Y. Chauvin, C. Copéret, A. de Mallmann, P. Dixneuf, F. Fajula, M. Guisnet, F. Lefèbvre, J. Livage, M. Lemaire, D. Mansuy, R. Spitz.
[6] Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation via Surface Organometallic Chemistry. In Catalysis in Organic Chemistry, Eds. R. A. Sheldon, van Bekum Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. C. Copéret, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset, 2001.
[7] In Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, Ed. E. Negishi, Wiley, New-York, 2002. IV.3.3. Termination by Carbonylation and Related Processes. C. Copéret, E. Negishi
[8] In Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, Ed. E. Negishi, Wiley, New-York, 2002. VI.4.1.1. With Alkenes, Alkynes, Allenes, and Dienes. C. Copéret, E. Negishi
[9] In Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, Ed. E. Negishi, Wiley, New-York, 2002. VI.4.3. Other Intermolecular Acylpalladation. C. Copéret
[10] Bridging the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis through surface organometallic chemistry. C. Copéret, M. Chabanas, R. Petroff Saint-Arroman, J.-M. Basset, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 164; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 156.
[11] Handbook of metathesis, Ed. R. H. Grubbs, Wiley-VCH, 2003. Chapter 1.4. From ill-defined to well-defined W-alkylidene complexes. C. Copéret, F. Lefebvre, J.-M. Basset
[12] Handbook of metathesis, Ed. R. H. Grubbs, Wiley-VCH, 2003. Chapter 1.12. Well-defined metallocarbenes and metallocarbynes on oxide supports prepared via surface organometallic chemistry: a source of highly active alkane, alkene and alkyne metathesis catalysts. C. Copéret, F. Lefebvre, J.-M. Basset
[13] Molecular design of heterogeneous catalysts : the case of olefin metathesis. C. Copéret New. J. Chem. 2004, 28, 1.
[14] Design, building, characterization and performance at the nanometric scale of heterogeneous catalysts. J.-M. Basset, J.P. Candy, C. Coperet, F. Lefebvre, E. A. Quadrelli, Nanotechnology in Catalysis 2004, 2, 447.
[15] Heterogeneous well-defined catalysts for metathesis of inert and not so inert bonds. C. Thieuleux, C. Copéret, V. Dufaud, C. Marangelli, E. Kuntz, J.-M. Basset, J. Mol. Cat. A : 2004, 213, 47.
3-Publications
[1] Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization via Trapping of Acylpalladium Derivatives with Internal Enolates. Its Scope and Factors Affecting the C-to-O Ratio. E. Negishi, C. Copéret, T. Sugihara, I. Shimoyama, Y. Zhang, G. Wu, J. M. Tour Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 425.
[2] Reaction of 3-Zircona-1-cyclopentenes and Zirconacyclopentanes with Aldehydes. A selective and Convenient Synthesis of 4-Penten-1-ols, (Z)-5-Iodo-4-penten-1-ols, and Related Alkanols. C. Copéret, E. Negishi, Z. Xi, T. Takahashi Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 695.
[3] Deferred Carbonylative Esterifaction in the Pd-Catalyzed Carbometallation-Carbonylation Cascade. T. Sugihara, C. Copéret, Z. Owczarczyk, L. S. Harring, E. Negishi J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7923.
[4] Termination of Cascade Carbopalladation via Carbonylative Amidation Producing Lactams. C. Copéret, T. Sugihara, E. Negishi Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 1771.
[5] Acylpalladation of Internal Alkynes and Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of (Z)-b-Iodoenones and Related Derivatives Producing g-Lactons and g-Lactams. C. Copéret, T. Sugihara, G. Wu, I. Shimoyama, E. Negishi J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3422.
[6] Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization of w-Alkene-Containing Aryl Iodides via Acylapalladation. E. Negishi, C. Copéret, S. Ma, T. Mita, T. Sugihara, J. M. Tour J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5904.
[7] Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization of 1-Iodo-Substituted 1.4-, 1,5-, and 1,6-Dienes as well as 5-Iodo-1,5-dienes in the Presence of Carbon Monoxide. E. Negishi, S. Ma, J. Amanfu, C. Copéret, J. A. Miller, J. M. Tour J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 5919.
[8] Cyclic Carbopalladation of Alkynes Terminated via Carbonylative Amidation. C. Copéret, S. Ma, T. Sugihara, E. Negishi Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 11529.
[9] Palladium-Catalyzed Cascading Carbonylative Cyclization of Iodo-Dienes and Trienes. C. Copéret, S. Ma, E. Negishi Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2255; C. Copéret, S. Ma, E. Negishi Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 38, 2125.
[10] A Simple and Convenient Method of Epoxidation of Terminal Alkenes. C. Copéret, H. Adolfsson, K. B. Sharpless Chem. Commun. 1997, 1565.
[11] A Simple and Efficient Method for the Preparation of Pyridine-N-oxides. C. Copéret, H. Adolfsson, T.-A. V. Khuong, A. Yudin, K. B. Sharpless J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 1740.
[12] A Simple and Efficient Method for the Preparation of Pyridine-N-oxides II. C. Copéret, H. Adolfsson, J. P. Chiang, A. Yudin, K. B. Sharpless Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 761.
[13] Palladium-Catalyzed Highly Diastereoselective Cyclic Carbopalladation-Carbonylative Esterification Tandem Reaction of Iododienes and Iodoarylalkenes. A Stereocontrolled Synthesis of the Colvin-Raphael Lactone. C. Copéret, E. Negishi Organic Lett. 1999, 1, 165.
[14] Versatility of Silica used as a Ligand : Effect of Thermal Treatments of Silica on the Nature of Silica-supported Alkyl Tantalum Species. L. Lefort, M. Chabanas, O. Maury, D. Meunier, C. Copéret, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset J. Organomet. Chem. 2000, 593-594, 96.
[15] Low temperature hydrogenolysis of alkanes catalyzed by a well-defined tantalum hydride complex supported on silica, and evidence for a mechanistic switch from group IV to group V metal surface complexes. M. Chabanas, V. Vidal, C. Copéret, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 1962.
[16] H/D Exchange between CH4 and CD4 catalyzed by a silica-supported tantalum hydride, (ºSiO)2Ta-H. L. Lefort, C. Copéret, M. Taoufik, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset Chem. Commun. 2000, 663.
[17] Efficient epoxidation of alkenes with aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by methyltrioxorhenium and 3-cyanopyridine. A. Adolfsson, J. P. Chiang, C. Copéret, A. Yudin J. Org. Chem., 2000, 65, 8651.
[18] A highly active single site rhenium heterogeneous catalyst for olefin metathesis prepared via surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). M. Chabanas, A. Baudouin, C. Copéret, J.-M. Basset J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2062.
[19] Characterization of surface organometallic complexes using high-resolution 2D solid state NMR spectroscopy. Application to the full characterization of a silica supported metal carbyne : [ºSiO-Mo(ºCtBu)(CH2tBu)2]. R. Petroff Saint-Arroman, M. Chabanas, C. Copéret, J.-M. Basset, A. Lesage, L. Emsley J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 3820.
[20] s-Bond metathesis of alkanes on a tantalum alkyl alkylidene complex supported on silica. First evidence of the alkane cross-metathesis process. C. Copéret, O. Maury, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2331.
[21] Olefin Epoxidation with Bis(trimethylsilyl) Peroxide Catalyzed by Inorganic Oxorhenium Derivatives. Controlled Release of Hydrogen Peroxide. A. Yudin, A. Adolfsson, J. P. Chiang, C. Copéret J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 4713.
[22] Synthesis and X-ray structures of rucpcil [L = (η1-PPh2py)2 and η2-triphos] and [RuCp{η3-(PPh2)3CH}][PF6]. The first η3-(PPh2)3CH complex of Ru(II). M. Abou-Rida, C. Copéret, A. K. Smith J. Organomet. Chem. 2001, 628, 1.
[23] Molecular insight into surface organometallic chemistry through the combined use of 2D HECTOR solid state NMR and silsesquioxane analogues. M. Chabanas, E. A. Quadrelli, B. Fenet, C. Copéret, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset, A. Lesage, L. Emsley Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 4625; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 43, 4493.
[24] The chemistry of the “[MnII(CH2tBu)2]” complex with bidentate di-imine ligands : from obvious base-adduct chemistry to carbon-carbon activation of the ligand ! Virginie Riollet, C. Copéret, J.-M. Basset, L. Rousset, D. Bouchu, L. Grosvalet, M. Perrin Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 3151. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3025.
[25] Evidence for a H-agostic bond on a Re-alkylidene surface complex prepared by SOMC using J-resolved two-dimensional solid-state NMR. A. Lesage, L. Emsley, M. Chabanas, C. Copéret, J.-M. Basset, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 4535.
[26] Perhydrocarbyl ReVII complexes : Comparison of molecular and surface complexes. M. Chabanas, A. Baudouin, C. Copéret, J.-M. Basset, W. Lukens, S. Hediger, A. Lesage, L. Emsley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 492.
[27] A well-defined silica-supported molybdenum catalysts for selective olefin epoxidation. Qihua Yang, Christophe Copéret, Can Li, Jean-Marie Basset, New. J. Chem. 2003, 27, 319.
[28] Re-based heterogeneous catalysts for olefin metathesis prepared via surface organometallic chemistry : reactivity and selectivity. M. Chabanas, C. Copéret, J.-M. Basset, Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9,971.
[29] Hydrogenolysis of Cycloalkanes on a Tantalum Hydride Complex Supported on Silica and Insight in the De-activation Pathway by the Combined Use of 1D Solid State NMR and EXAFS Spectroscopies. Franck Rataboul, Mathieu Chabanas, Aimery de Mallmann, Christophe Copéret, Jean Thivolle-Cazat, Jean-Marie Basset. Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 1426.
[30] Discrimination of s-Bond Metathesis Pathways in H/D Exchange Reactions on [(ºSiO)3Zr-H]: a Density Functional Theory study. Christophe Copéret, Annie Grouiller, Jean-Marie Basset, Henry Chermette, Chem. Phys. Chem., 2003, 4, 608.
[31] Molecular Understanding of the Formation of Surface Zirconium Hydrides upon Thermal Treatment under Hydrogen of [(ºSiO)Zr(CH2tBu)3] by Using Advanced Solid-State NMR techniques. F. Rataboul, A. Baudouin, Chloé Thieuleux, Laurent Veyre, C. Copéret, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset, A. Lesage, L. Emsley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 12541.
[32] Cross-Metathesis of Propane and Methane: A Catalytic Reaction of C-C Bond Cleavage of a Higher Alkane by Methane. D. Soulivong, C. Copéret, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset, R. Pardy, G. J. Sunley, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 5466.
[33] Detailed Structural Investigation of the Grafting of [Ta(=CHtBu)(CH2tBu)3] and [Cp*TaMe4] on Silica Partially Dehydroxylated at 700 °C and Activity of the Grafted Complexes towards Alkane Metathesis. E. Le Roux, M. Chabanas, A. Baudouin, A. de Mallmann, C. Copéret, E. A Quadrelli, J. Thivolle-Cazat, J.-M. Basset, W. lukens, A. Lesage, L. Emsley, L. Emsley, G. J. Sunley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126 13391.
|
|
page mise à jour le 24/06/2005 |